Carolee T. Bull, Ph.D.

Areas of Expertise

• Phytobacteriology
• Translational Taxonomy
• Systematic Bacteriology
• Biological Control
• Sustainable and Organic Agriculture

Websites

• Bull Lab
• From the Bull Penn
• International Society for Plant Pathology

• Twitter

Education

• B.S., Botany, Ohio University
• M.S., Plant Pathology, Washington State University
• Ph.D., Plant Pathology, Oregon State University

Other Affiliations

• Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA.
• Member, International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP, 2005-present).
• Secretary, Judicial Commission ICSP (2014 -2017), Member (2014-2023).
• Convener, International Society of Plant Pathology Committee on Taxonomy of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (2006-present; Member 2000-present).
• Member, American Phytopathological Society, Office of Education (2012-present).

Feature Stories

Trailblazers: Carolee Bull Investigates the Microbiome, September 18, 2019

College of Agricultural Sciences Department Head Honored by Alma Mater by Amy Duke, November 1, 2017.

Bull Gives Doidge Memorial Lecture at SASPP Congress and Collaborates at FABI, January 17, 2017.

Current Research in the Bull Lab by Carolee Bull, December 19, 2016.

Recap of “How to Be Your Own Best Mentor” Workshop with Dr. Carolee Bull by Kelly Marie Ness, March 9, 2016.

Awards

• USDA Secretary’s Honor Award for Outreach, Diversity, and Equal Opportunity (2013). The USDA Secretary’s Honor Award is the highest award in agriculture for service to the nation.
• Administrator’s Outreach, Diversity, and Equal Opportunity Award, USDA/ARS (2012).
• Mentor of the Year Award, Undergraduate Research Opportunities Center at California State University Monterey Bay (inaugural; 2012).
• Science and Technology Hall of Fame Inductee, Sewickley Academy (inaugural; 2015).
• Outreach, Diversity, and Equal Opportunity Award, USDA/ARS/PWA (2012).
• Research Fellow, Office for Economic Cooperation and Development (2004).
• Special Service Award, USDA/ARS, HCRL Fresno, CA (1997).
• Postdoctoral Fellow, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC (1991).
• Savoury Outstanding Graduate Student, College of Agricultural Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis (1992): for outstanding scholarship and university service.
• Nellie Townley Heald Scholarship, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman (1987): for outstanding contributions to the department.
• Young Botanist Award, Botanical Society of America, St. Louis, MO (1985).
• Elizabeth Lash Brague Memorial Scholarship, Ohio University, Athens (1982).
• James Cavalier Scholarship, Sewickley Academy, Sewickley, PA (1980).

Recent Publications

• Newberry et al., 2019. Inference of Convergent Gene Acquisition Among Pseudomonas syringae Strains Isolated from Watermelon, Cantaloupe, and Squash, Frontiers in Microbiology, section Plant Microbe Interactions.
• Whitman, W.B., Bull, C.T., Busse, H.-J., Fournier, P.-E., Oren, A., Ventura, S. 2018. Request for revision of the Statutes of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003117
• Hesse, C., Schulz, F, Bull, C. T., Shaffer, B. T., Yan, Q., Shapiro, N., Hassan, K. A., Varghese, N., Elbourne, L., Paulsen, I.T. Kyripides, N., Woyke, T., Loper, J. E. 2018. Genome-based evolutionary history of Pseudomonas spp.. Environmental Microbiology https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14130.

• Rosenthal, E., Ramos, L., Bull, C.T., and Koike, S.T. 2018. First Report of Black Rot Caused by Xanthomonas campestris on Arugula in California. Plant Disease https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1538-PDN.

• Curland, R.D., Gao, L., Bull, C.T., Vinatzer, B.A., Dill-Macky, R., Van Eck, L., and Ishimaru, C.A. 2018. Genetic diversity and virulence of wheat and barley strains of Xanthomonas translucens from the Upper Midwestern United States. Phytopathology doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-17-0271-R

• Bull, C.T., Koike, S.T. 2017. Detection of Pseudomonas pathogens from crucifer seeds. Pages 165-172 in: Detection of plant-pathogenic bacteria in seed and other planting material, 2nd ed., M'B. Fatmi, R. R. Walcott, N. W. Schaad, eds., APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

• Koike, S.T., Alger, E.I., Ramos Sepulveda, L., Bull, C.T. 2017. First report of bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on kale in California. Plant Disease 101:3, 504-504.
•  Koike, S.K., and Bull, C.T. 2017. Bacterial Leafspot. Pages 54-56 in: Compendium of Lettuce Diseases. Subbarao, K.V., Davis, R.M., Gilbertson, R.L., and Raid, R.N., eds. APS Press. ISBN:978-0-89054-577-5
• Bull, C.T., Koike, S.T., Huerta, A.I., Jardini, T.M., Mauzey, S.J., Rubio, I., and Zacaroni, A.B. 2017. Plant pathogenic prokaryotes. Pages 81-102 in: Plant pathology: concepts and laboratory exercises, 3rd ed., B.H. Ownley and R.N. Trigiano, eds., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
• Fayette, J., Raid, R., Roberts, P.D., Jones, J.B., Pernezny, K., Bull, C.T., and Goss, E.M. 2016. Multilocus sequence typing of strains of bacterial spot of lettuce collected in the United States. Phytopathology 106:1262-1269.
• McCluskey, K., Alvarez A., Bennett, R., Bokati, D., Boundy-Mills, K., Brown, D., Bull, C., Coffey, M., Dreaden, T., Duke, C., Dye, G., Ehmke, E., Eversole, K., Fenstermacher, K., Geiser, D., Glaeser, J., Green, S., Gribble, L., Griffith, L.P., Hanser, K., Humber, R., Johnson, B.W., Kermode, A., Krichevsky, M., Laudon, M., Leach, J., Leslie, J., May, M., Melcher, U., Nobles, D., Fonseca, N.R., Robinson, S., Ryan, M., Scott, J., Silflow, C., Vidaver, A., Webb, K.M., Wertz, J. E., Yentsch, S., and Zehr, S. 2016. The U.S. Culture Collection Network lays the foundation for progress in preservation of valuable microbial resources. Phytopathology 106: 532-540.
• Newberry, E.A., Jardini, T.M., Rubio, I., Roberts, P.D., Babu, B., Koike, S.T., Bouzar, H., Goss, E.M., Jones, J.B., Bull, C.T., and Paret, M.L. 2016. Angular leaf spot of cucurbits is associated with genetically diverse Pseudomonas syringae strains. Plant Disease http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1332-RE
• Bull, C.T., and Koike, S.T. 2015. Practical benefits of knowing the enemy: modern molecular tools for diagnosing the etiology of bacterial diseases and understanding the taxonomy and diversity of plant-pathogenic bacteria. Annual Review of Phytopathology, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120122.
• Bull, C.T., Gebben, S.J., Goldman, P.H., Trent, M.A., Hayes, R.J. 2015. Host genotype and hypersensitive reaction influence population levels of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in lettuce. Phytopathology, 105:316-324.
• Hayes, R.J., Trent, M.A., Truco, M.J., Antonise, R., Michelmore, R.W., Bull, C.T. 2014. The inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf spot of lettuce caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in three lettuce cultivars. Horticulture Research doi:10.1038/hortres.2014.66
• Bull, C.T., Goldman, P.H., and Martin, K.J. 2014. Novel primers and PCR protocols for the specific detection and quantification of Sphingobium suberifaciens in situ. Molecular and Cellular Probes, DOI:10.1016/j.mcp.2014.03.001.
• Bull, C.T., Coutinho, T.A., Denny, T.P., Firrao, G., Fischer-Le Saux, M., Li, X., Saddler, G.S., Scortichini, M., Stead, D.E., Takikawa, Y. 2014. List of new names of plant pathogenic bacteria (2011-2012). Journal of Plant Pathology, 96:223-226.
• Simko, I., Hayes, R.J., Bull, C.T., Mou, B., Luo, Y., Trent, M.A., Atallah, A.J., Ryder, E.J., and Sideman, R.G. 2014. Characterization and performance of sixteen new inbred lines of lettuce developed by the USDA breeding program in Salinas, California.  HortScience, 49:679-687.
• Hayes, R.J., Trent, M.A., Mou, B., Simko, I., Gebben, S.J., Bull, C.T. 2014. Baby leaf lettuce germplasm enhancement: developing diverse populations with resistance to bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. HortScience, 49:18-24.
• Muramoto, J., Gliessman, S.R., Koike, S.T., Shennan, C., Schmida. D., Stephens, R., Swezey, S., Bull, C.T., and Klonsky, K., Swezey, S. 2014. Integrated biological and cultural practices can reduce crop rotation period of organic strawberries. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38:603-631.
• Muramoto, J., Gliessman, S.R., Shennan, C., Pisani Gareau, T., Monsen, K.L., Leap, J., Nieto, D., Bryer, J., Pedersen, S., Koike, S.T., Smith, R., Bolda, M.P., Gaskell, M., Daugovish, O., Klonsky, K., Bull, C.T., Salas, W., Li, C., Oomen, G.J.M. 2013. The organic research network project on the central coast of California. Acta Horticulturae, 1001:35-45.
• Sarris, P.F., Trantas, E.A., Baltrus, D.A., Bull, C.T., Wechter, W.P., Yan, S., Ververidis, F., Almeida, N.F., Jones, C.D., Dangl, J.L., Panopoulos, N.J., Vinatzer, B.A., and Goumas, D.E. 2013. Comparative genomics of multiple strains of Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis, a potential model pathogen of both monocots and dicots. PlosOne, 8:1-16.
• Schofield, D.A., Bull, C.T., Rubio, I., Wechter, W.P., Westwater, C., Molineux, I.J. 2012. Development of an engineered bioluminescent reporter phage for the detection of bacterial blight of crucifers.  Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78:3592–3598.

Recent Conference Papers

• Hockett, K. L., Martinez, J., Carlson, E. A., Bull, C. T., and Baltrus, D. A., 2016. Influence of bacteriocin-mediated antagonism on plant-microbe interactions. ISME 2016, August 21-26, 2016, Montreal, Canada.
• Derie, M. L., Holmes, B. J., Safni, I., Bull, C. T., du Toit, L. J. 2016. Seedborne inoculum thresholds of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot, in ‘baby leaf’ Swiss chard crops. APS National Meeting, July 30-August 4, 2016, Tampa, FL.
• Bull, C. T., Trent, M. A., Hayes, R. J. 2016. Three races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians causing bacterial leaf spot on lettuce identified. APS National Meeting, July 30-August 4, 2016, Tampa, FL.
• Safni, I., Sepulveda, L. R., Goldman, P. H., Derie, M. L., du Toit, L. J., Koike, S. T., Stockwell, V. O., and Bull, C. T., 2016. Genetic diversity of Pseudomonas syringae causing bacterial leaf spot on table beet (Beta vulgaris) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla). APS National Meeting, July 30-August 4, 2016, Tampa, FL.
• Curland, R. D., Gao, L., Bull, C. T., Vinatzer, B. A., Dill-Macky, R., Ishimaru, C. A., 2016. Differentiation of Xanthomonas translucens pathovars in wheat and barley. APS North Central Division Meeting, June 14-16, 2016, Champaign, IL.

Undergraduate Research Leading to Publications

(Undergraduate researchers supervised by C.T. Bull are listed in bold)

• Bull, C. T., Gebben, S. J., Goldman, P. H., Trent, M. A., Hayes, R. J. 2015. Host genotype and hypersensitive reaction influence population levels of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in lettuce. Phytopathology, 105:316-324.
• Bull, C. T., Ortiz-Lytle, M. C., Ibarra, A. G., du Toit, L. J., and Reynolds G. J. 2015. First report of bacterial blight of crucifers caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in Minnesota on arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa). Plant Disease, 99:415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1020-PDN.
• Hayes, R. J., Trent, M., Mou, B. Simko, I., Gebben, S. J. and Bull, C. T. 2014. Baby leaf lettuce germplasm enhancement: developing diverse populations with resistance to bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. HortScience, 49:679-687.
• Rubio, I., Hiddink, G., Asma, M. and Bull, C. T. 2012. First report of the crucifer pathogen Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis causing bacterial blight on radish (Raphanus sativus) in Germany. Plant Disease, 96:904.
• Schofield, D. A., Bull, C. T., Rubio, I., Wechter, W. P., Westwater, C., Molineux, I. J. 2012. Development of an engineered bioluminescent reporter phage for the detection of bacterial blight of crucifers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78:3592–3598.
• Jardini, T. M., Koike, S.T., and Bull, C.T. 2011. First report of bacterial streak of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in California caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii. Plant Disease, 96:285.
• Bull, C. T. and Rubio, I. 2011. First report of bacterial blight of crucifers caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in Australia. Plant Disease, DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-11-10-0804.
• Bull, C. T., Clarke, C. R., Cai, R., Vinatzer, B. A., Jardini, T. M., Koike, S. T. 2011. Multilocus sequence typing of Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato confirms previously described genomospecies and permits rapid identification of P. syringae pv. coriandricola and P. syringae pv. apii causing bacterial leaf spot on parsley. Phytopathology, 101:847-858.
• Mauzey, S. J., Koike, S. T. and Bull, C. T. 2010. First report of bacterial blight of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in California. Plant Disease, 95:71 doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-10-0642.
• Bull, C. T., Mauzey, S. J. and Koike, S. T. 2010. First report of bacterial blight of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera) caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in California. Plant Disease, 94:1375 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-10-0538.
• Bull, C. T., Huerta A. I., Koike, S. T. 2009. First report of blossom blight of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) caused by Pseudomonas marginalis in California. Plant Disease, 12: 1350. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-93-12-1350B.

Extension Publications

• Koike, S. T. and Bull, C. T. 2013. Bacterial leaf spot of lettuce: request for samples. University of California Cooperative Extension in Monterey County Blog (http://ucanr.org/blogs/SalinasValleyAgriculture/).
• Bull, C. T., and Koike, S. T. 2012. Foliar disease of Apiaceae crops in Coastal California. Crop Notes (May/June) 1-4.
• Bull, C. T., and Koike, S. T. 2011. Show us your spots! Researchers need samples of bacterial leaf spots on celery, cilantro, parsley, and other crops. University of California Cooperative Extension in Monterey County Blog (http://ucanr.org/blogs/SalinasValleyAgriculture/).
• Koike, S. T., and Bull, C. T. 2011. Bacterial leaf spot of parsley: characterization of a new disease. Crop Notes: University of California Cooperative Extension in Monterey County.
• Koike, S., and Bull, C. 2009. Occurrence of bacterial leaf spot of parsley in 2009. Monterey County Crop Notes.